Sourced tracker
Who owns your VPN
The company behind 51 VPN providers, the country it is registered in and the group it belongs to, from each provider’s own legal pages. 3 groups run more than one brand. Last checked 19 Oct 2026.
Groups behind more than one VPN
Brands that compete in reviews can share an owner. Each brand’s own legal page names it.
| Group | VPN brands |
|---|---|
| Kape Technologies | CyberGhost, ExpressVPN, Private Internet Access |
| Nord Security | NordLayer, Surfshark |
| Pango Group | Betternet, Hotspot Shield |
Every provider’s company
| Provider | Company | Country | Part of | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AdGuard VPN | Adguard Software Limited | Cyprus | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| AmneziaVPN | EUPHORIATECH LIMITED | Cyprus | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| Astrill | Veloxee Corp. | Liechtenstein | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Avira Phantom VPN | Avira Holding GmbH & Co. KG | Not stated | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| Betternet | Betternet LLC | United States | Pango Group | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| Bitdefender VPN | Bitdefender S.R.L. | Romania | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Brave VPN | Brave Software, Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Cloudflare WARP | Cloudflare, Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| CyberGhost | CyberGhost S.R.L. | Romania | Kape Technologies | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Edge Secure Network | Microsoft Corporation | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| ExpressVPN | Express Technologies Ltd. | British Virgin Islands | Kape Technologies (since 2021) | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| F-Secure VPN | F-Secure Corporation | Finland | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| FastestVPN | FastestVPN | Cayman Islands | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| hide.me | eVenture Limited | Malaysia | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Hola VPN | Hola VPN Ltd. | Israel | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Hotspot Shield | Anchorfree, LLC | United States | Pango Group | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| iCloud Private Relay | Apple Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| IPVanish | IPVanish, a Ziff Davis company | United States | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| iTop VPN | iTop Inc. | Not stated | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| IVPN | IVPN Limited | Gibraltar | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Kaspersky VPN | AO Kaspersky Lab | Russia | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Lantern | Brave New Software Project, Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| Malwarebytes Privacy VPN | Malwarebytes Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| Mozilla VPN | Mozilla Corporation | United States | Mozilla Foundation | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Mullvad | Mullvad VPN AB | Sweden | Amagicom AB | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Mysterium VPN | UAB MN Intelligence | Not stated | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| NetBird | NetBird GmbH | Germany | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| NordLayer | Nord Security Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| NordVPN | nordvpn S.A. | Panama | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| Opera VPN | Opera Norway AS | Norway | Opera Limited | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| OVPN | OVPN Inc. | Not stated | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Planet VPN | FREE VPN PLANET S.R.L. | Romania | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| PrivadoVPN | Privado Networks ehf | Iceland | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Private Internet Access | Private Internet Access, Inc. | United States | Kape Technologies (since 2019) | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| PrivateVPN | PrivateVPN Global AB | Sweden | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Proton VPN | Proton AG | Switzerland | Proton Foundation | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Psiphon | Psiphon Inc. | Canada | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| PureVPN | GZ Systems Limited | British Virgin Islands | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Speedify | Connectify, Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Surfshark | Surfshark B.V. | Netherlands | Nord Security | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Tailscale | Tailscale US Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| TunnelBear | TunnelBear | Not stated | McAfee (since 2018) | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Turbo VPN | Innovative Connecting Pte. Limited | Singapore | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| Twingate | Twingate Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| Urban VPN | Urban Cyber Security Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| VPN Unlimited | KeepSolid Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| VyprVPN | Certida LLC | United States | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
| Windscribe | Windscribe Limited | Canada | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| X-VPN | LightningLink Networks Pte. Ltd. | Singapore | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| ZeroTier | ZeroTier, Inc. | United States | Independent | SourceRead 18 Oct 2026 |
| ZoogVPN | Zoog Services Single Member Private Company | Greece | Independent | SourceRead 19 Oct 2026 |
By country of the company
Where the company that runs the service is registered. Servers and staff can be elsewhere.
| Country | Providers |
|---|---|
| United States | Betternet, Brave VPN, Cloudflare WARP, Edge Secure Network, Hotspot Shield, iCloud Private Relay, IPVanish, Lantern, Malwarebytes Privacy VPN, Mozilla VPN, NordLayer, Private Internet Access, Speedify, Tailscale, Twingate, Urban VPN, VPN Unlimited, VyprVPN, ZeroTier |
| Romania | Bitdefender VPN, CyberGhost, Planet VPN |
| British Virgin Islands | ExpressVPN, PureVPN |
| Canada | Psiphon, Windscribe |
| Cyprus | AdGuard VPN, AmneziaVPN |
| Singapore | Turbo VPN, X-VPN |
| Sweden | Mullvad, PrivateVPN |
| Cayman Islands | FastestVPN |
| Finland | F-Secure VPN |
| Germany | NetBird |
| Gibraltar | IVPN |
| Greece | ZoogVPN |
| Iceland | PrivadoVPN |
| Israel | Hola VPN |
| Liechtenstein | Astrill |
| Malaysia | hide.me |
| Netherlands | Surfshark |
| Norway | Opera VPN |
| Panama | NordVPN |
| Russia | Kaspersky VPN |
| Switzerland | Proton VPN |
How this page is kept
- Only the provider’s own pages and the auditors’ published reports count. Reviews and news are used only to find them.
- Every row is tied to a short sentence on its source, and a script re-reads each source weekly; a changed source is re-checked by hand before the row changes.
- “Independent” means the provider’s pages name no parent company. It is what the provider states, not a finding about its investors.
- The same records feed leak issues by provider and each provider’s leak-test page.